Colors used in pattern analysis

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 Author(s): Harald Kittler

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Description	This chapter covers the colors as used in pattern analysis
Author(s)	Harald Kittler
Responsible author	Harald Kittler → send e-mail
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Status update	December 30, 2019
Status by	Ralph P. Braun

Pattern analysis, Dermoscopy, Colors Colors used in pattern analysis – cite! Colors used in pattern analysis (message) Colors used in pattern analysis – participate!

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Melanin

• Depending on the layer of skin in which melanin is located, it may appear:

1. Black: when located in the stratum corneum
2. Brown: when located in the basal layers of the epidermis
3. Gray: when located in the papillary dermis
4. Blue: when located in the reticular dermis

• The observed color depends on the density of melanin and the thickness of the epidermis:

1. Dark-brown or nearly black: dense accumulation in the basal layer of the epidermis
2. Light-brown: less dense accumulation
3. Blue: the epidermis is thickened due to acanthosis (e.g. some seborrheic keratoses)

Hemoglobin

Pigment ranges from bright red to blue, depending on the level of oxygen saturation in vessels

• Dark red: coagulated blue, due to massive extravasation of red blood cells (i.e. hemorrhage)
• Black: blood in the stratum corneum (corneal bleeding)
• Red to blue: fresh blood in the dermis.
• Green to brown: due to degradation of hemoglobin

Other colors

• Orange: in cases of eroded lesions, that serum flows out of the surface, dries, and forms a crust.
• Orange to yellow: mixture of the white or yellow of keratin with the brown of melanin (e.g. pigmented seborrheic keratoses)
• White: fibrosis or sclerosis of the dermis